P’u Sung-ling: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio

TABLE OF CONTENTS, IN ORDER			TABLE OF CONTENTS, ALPHABETICAL
	Title	Page	Title	Page
1.	Examination for the Post of Guardian Angel	1	Adulteration Punished	452
2.	Talking Pupils, The	3	Alchemist, The	442
3.	Painted Wall, The	6	Another Solomon	464
4.	Planting a Pear-tree	8	Arrival of Buddhist Priests	400
5.	Taoist Priest of Lao-shan, The	10	Boat-girl Bride, The	353
6.	Buddhist Priest of Ch’ang-ch’ing, The	13	Boatmen of Lao-lung, The	461
7.	Marriage of the Fox’s Daughter, The	16	Boon Companion, The	102
8.	Miss Chiao-no	20	Bribery and Corruption	366
9.	Magical Arts	28	Buddhist Priest of Ch’ang-ch’ing, The	13
10.	Joining the Immortals	32	Butterfly’s Revenge, The	430
11.	Fighting Quails, The	40	Carrying a Corpse	372
12.	Painted Skin, The	47	Cattle Plague, The	411
13.	Trader’s Son, The	52	Censor in Purgatory, The	403
14.	Judge Lu	56	Chang Pu-Liang	371
15.	Miss Ying-ning; or, The Laughing Girl	65	Chang’s Transformation	147
16.	Magic Sword, The	77	Chinese Jonah, A	370
17.	Shui-mang Plant, The	84	Chinese Solomon, A	454
18.	Little Chu	89	Chou K’o-ch’ang and his Ghost	329
19.	Miss Quarta Hu	94	Clay Image, The	423
20.	Mr. Chu, the Considerate Husband	98	Cloth Merchant, The	341
21.	Magnanimous Girl, The	99	Collecting Subscriptions	393
22.	Boon Companion, The	102	Country of the Cannibals, The	243
23.	Miss Lien-hsiang, The Fox-Girl	104	Courage Tested	334
24.	Miss A-pao ; or, Perseverance Rewarded	115	Cruelty Avenged	418
25.	Invisible Priest, The	122	Dead Priest, The	408
26.	Lost Brother, The	126	Death by Laughing	215
27.	Three Genii, The	133	Disembodied Friend, The	336
28.	Performing Mice, The	135	Dishonesty Punished	424
29.	Singing Frogs, The	135	Doctor, The	430
30.	Tiger of Chao-chëng, The	135	Donkey’s Revenge, The	304
31.	Dwarf, A	138	Dr. Tseng’s Dream	237
32.	Hsiang-ju’s Misfortunes	139	Dreaming Honours	450
33.	Chang’s Transformation	147	Dutch Carpet, The	371
34.	Taoist Priest, A	152	Dwarf, A	138
35.	Fight with the Foxes, The	155	Earthquake, An	416
36.	King, The	158	Elephants and the Lion, The	458
37.	Engaged to a Nun	161	Engaged to a Nun	161
38.	Young Lady of the Tung-t’ing Lake, The	167	Examination for the Post of Guardian Angel	1
39.	Man Who Was Changed into a Crow, The	171	Faithful Dog, The	415
40.	Flower-nymphs, The	176	Faithful Gander, The	458
41.	Ta-nan in Search of his Father	183	Faithless Widow, The	288
42.	Wonderful Stone, The	189	Feasting the Ruler of Purgatory	427
43.	Quarrelsome Brothers, The	193	Feng-shui	447
44.	Young Gentleman Who Couldn’t Spell, The	201	Fight with the Foxes, The	155
45.	Tiger Guest, The	203	Fighting Cricket, The	275
46.	Sisters, The	207	Fighting Quails, The	40
47.	Foreign Priests	211	Fisherman and his Friend, The	380
48.	Self-punished Murderer The	212	Flood, A	215
49.	Master-thief, The	213	Flower-nymphs, The	176
50.	Death by Laughing	215	Flying Cow, The	409
51.	Flood, A	215	Football on the Tung-t’ing Lake	250
52.	Playing at Hanging	216	Foreign Priests	21
53.	Rat Wife, The	217	Fortune-hunter Punished, The	420
54.	Man Who Was Thrown Down a Well, The	224	Forty Strings of Cash, The	388
55.	Virtuous Daughter-in-law, The	229	Friendship with Foxes	436
56.	Dr. Tseng’s Dream	237	Gambler’s Talisman, The	257
57.	Country of the Cannibals, The	243	Grateful Dog, The	439
58.	Football on the Tung-t’ing Lake	250	Great Rat, The	437
59.	Thunder God, The	253	Great Test, The	441
60.	Gambler’s Talisman, The	257	Hidden Treasure, The	459
61.	Husband Punished, The	258	His Father’s Ghost	349
62.	Marriage Lottery, The	262	Hsiang-ju’s Misfortunes	139
63.	Lo-ch’a Country and the Sea Market, The	265	Husband Punished, The	258
64.	Fighting Cricket, The	275	Incorrupt Official, The	466
65.	Taking Revenge	280	Ingratitude Punished	347
66.	Tipsy Turtle, The	282	Injustice of Heaven, The	332
67.	Magic Path, The	286	In the Infernal Regions	322
68.	Faithless Widow, The	288	Jên Hsiu	402
69.	Princess of the Tung-t’ing Lake	290	Invisible Priest, The	122
70.	Princess Lily, The	299	Joining the Immortals	32
71.	Donkey’s Revenge, The	304	Judge Lu	56
72.	Wolf Dream, The	309	Justice for Rebels	373
73.	Unjust Sentence, The	313	Killing a Serpent	376
74.	Rip van Winkle, A	316	King, The	158
75.	Three States of Existence, The	319	Life Prolonged	421
76.	In the Infernal Regions	322	Lingering Death, The	449
77.	Singular case of Ophthalmia	327	Little Chu	89
78.	Chou K’o-ch’ang and his Ghost	329	Lo-ch’a Country and the Sea Market, The	265
79.	Spirits of the Po-yang Lake, The	330	Lost Brother, The	126
80.	Stream of Cash, The	331	Mad Priest, The	426
81.	Injustice of Heaven, The	332	Magic Mirror, The	333
82.	Magic Mirror, The	333	Magic Path, The	286
83.	Sea-serpent, The	333	Magic Sword, The	77
84.	Courage Tested	334	Magical Arts	28
85.	Disembodied Friend, The	336	Magnanimous Girl, The	99
86.	Cloth Merchant, The	341	Making Animals	417
87.	Spiritualistic Seances	343	Man Who Was Changed into a Crow, The	171
88.	Strange Companion, A	343	Man Who Was Thrown Down a Well, The	224
89.	Mysterious Head, The	345	Marriage Lottery, The	262
90.	Spirit of the Hills, The	346	Marriage of the Fox’s Daughter, The	16
91.	Ingratitude Punished	347	Marriage of the Virgin Goddess, The	413
92.	Smelling Essays	347	Master-thief, The	213
93.	His Father’s Ghost	349	Metempsychosis	386
94.	Boat-girl Bride, The	353	“Mirror and Listen” Trick, The	409
95.	Two Brides, The	359	Miss A-pao ; or, Perseverance Rewarded	115
96.	Supernatural Wife, A	364	Miss Chiao-no	20
97.	Bribery and Corruption	366	Miss Lien-hsiang, The Fox-Girl	104
98.	Chinese Jonah, A	370	Miss Quarta Hu	94
99.	Chang Pu-Liang	371	Miss Ying-ning; or, The Laughing Girl	65
100.	Dutch Carpet, The	371	Mr. Chu, the Considerate Husband	98
101.	Carrying a Corpse	372	Mr. Tung ; or, Virtue Rewarded	406
102.	Justice for Rebels	373	Mr. Willow and the Locusts	405
103.	Taoist Devotee, A	373	Mysterious Head, The	345
104.	Theft of the Peach	374	Painted Skin, The	47
105.	Killing a Serpent	376	Painted Wall, The	6
106.	Resuscitated Corpse, The	378	Performing Mice, The	135
107.	Fisherman and his Friend, The	380	Picture Horse, The	428
108.	Priest’s Warning, The	385	Pious Surgeon, The	462
109.	Metempsychosis	386	Planchette	433
110.	Forty Strings of Cash, The	388	Planting a Pear-tree	8
111.	Saving Life	389	Playing at Hanging	216
112.	Salt Smuggler, The	390	Priest’s Warning, The	385
113.	Collecting Subscriptions	393	Princess Lily, The	299
114.	Taoist Miracles	397	Princess of the Tung-t’ing Lake	290
115.	Arrival of Buddhist Priests	400	Quarrelsome Brothers, The	193
116.	Stolen Eyes, The	401	Raising the Dead	445
117.	Jên Hsiu	402	Rat Wife, The	217
118.	Censor in Purgatory, The	403	Resuscitated Corpse, The	378
119.	Mr. Willow and the Locusts	405	Rip van Winkle, A	316
120.	Mr. Tung ; or, Virtue Rewarded	406	Rukh, The	457
121.	Dead Priest, The	408	Salt Smuggler, The	390
122.	Flying Cow, The	409	Saving Life	389
123.	“Mirror and Listen” Trick, The	409	Sea-serpent, The	333
124.	Cattle Plague, The	411	Self-punished Murderer The	212
125.	Marriage of the Virgin Goddess, The	413	She-wolf and the Herd-boys, The	452
126.	Wine Insect, The	414	Shui-mang Plant, The	84
127.	Faithful Dog, The	415	Singing Frogs, The	135
128.	Earthquake, An	416	Singular case of Ophthalmia	327
129.	Making Animals	417	Singular Verdict	439
130.	Cruelty Avenged	418	Sisters, The	207
131.	Wei-ch’i Devil, The	418	Smelling Essays	347
132.	Fortune-hunter Punished, The	420	Snow in Summer	432
133.	Life Prolonged	421	Spirit of the Hills, The	346
134.	Clay Image, The	423	Spirits of the Po-yang Lake, The	330
135.	Dishonesty Punished	424	Spiritualistic Seances	343
136.	Mad Priest, The	426	Stolen Eyes, The	401
137.	Feasting the Ruler of Purgatory	427	Strange Companion, A	343
138.	Picture Horse, The	428	Stream of Cash, The	331
139.	Butterfly’s Revenge, The	430	Supernatural Wife, A	364
140.	Doctor, The	430	Taking Revenge	280
141.	Snow in Summer	432	Talking Pupils, The	3
142.	Planchette	433	Ta-nan in Search of his Father	183
143.	Friendship with Foxes	436	Taoist Devotee, A	373
144.	Great Rat, The	437	Taoist Miracles	397
145.	Wolves	438	Taoist Priest, A	152
146.	Grateful Dog, The	439	Taoist Priest of Lao-shan, The	10
147.	Singular Verdict	439	Theft of the Peach	374
148.	Great Test, The	441	Three Genii, The	133
149.	Alchemist, The	442	Three States of Existence, The	319
150.	Raising the Dead	445	Thunder God, The	253
151.	Feng-shui	447	Tiger Guest, The	203
152.	Lingering Death, The	449	Tiger of Chao-chëng, The	135
153.	Dreaming Honours	450	Tipsy Turtle, The	282
154.	Adulteration Punished	452	Trader’s Son, The	52
155.	She-wolf and the Herd-boys, The	452	Two Brides, The	359
156.	Chinese Solomon, A	454	Unjust Sentence, The	313
157.	Rukh, The	457	Virtuous Daughter-in-law, The	229
158.	Elephants and the Lion, The	458	Wei-ch’i Devil, The	418
159.	Faithful Gander, The	458	Wine Insect, The	414
160.	Hidden Treasure, The	459	Wolf Dream, The	309
161.	Boatmen of Lao-lung, The	461	Wolves	438
162.	Pious Surgeon, The	462	Wonderful Stone, The	189
163.	Another Solomon	464	Young Gentleman Who Couldn’t Spell, The	201
164.	Incorrupt Official, The	466	Young Lady of the Tung-t’ing Lake, The	167

	APPENDIX I.	467	APPENDIX I.	467
	APPENDIX II.	486	APPENDIX II.	486

Scanner’s Preface

Following is a web-publication of the 3rd edition of Herbert Giles’ translation of P’u Sung-ling’s Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio, published in 1916. I read ghost stories in the Halloween season every year, and last year decided I would read P’u Sung-ling’s Strange Stories, and then, since it wasn’t available on the web (as far as I could see), thought I would scan it as I read it, and put it on my website. I include Giles’ notes, introduction and appendices. The notes for each story are found after the story.

No scan is ever perfect, so if readers catch typos, please contact me at toddmagos [at] yahoo [dot] com.

I have tried to follow Giles’ text exactly, including diacritical marks. In proper names, the apostrophe sometimes is ‘ and sometimes ’. Since accent marks in Giles’ transliteration system always refer to the letter before, it actually makes no difference whether the apostrophe is “forward” or “backward”-looking. (In Giles’ text, the apostrophe is always ‘.)

My editing is minimal. However, Giles uses very big paragraphs, and I thought the book would be more readable if these were broken up into smaller paragraphs. Very occasionally, I add a footnote, for which I use capital letters (e.g., [A], [B]), to distinguish it from Giles’ footnotes.

Giles was a great sinologist, but published the first edition of Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio in 1880, during the Victorian era.[1] Thus, he left out many stories that were erotic or which were viewed as offensive, and he excised erotic or offensive passages from the stories he did translate. Two fine modern translations of P’u Sung-Ling will give the reader a much more “complete” view of P’u: Denis C. & Victor H. Mair’s Strange Tales from Make-do Studio (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1989) and John Minford’s Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio (Penguin Classics 2006).[2] For examples of passages excised from stories, see “The Painted Wall” and “The Painted Skin” below, in which I have included some of the excised passages, as translated by the Mairs and Minford, in footnotes.

Nevertheless, Giles, for all his Victorian reserve, is a great translator, and his notes are superb, offering us an erudite, sometimes practical (as Giles lived for many years in China), and always fascinating introduction to Chinese culture, literature, philosophy, folklore and history.

Of course, the translator’s notes are secondary to the Strange Stories themselves. These stories are almost all fantastic, but nevertheless offer a panoramic and almost realistic view of Chinese culture, from government hierarchy to the examination system to religion and ceremonial actions to favorite methods of relaxation (drinking bouts through the night, often with supernatural visitants, are common) to typical patterns of family life.

For example, P’u offers considerable insight into the marriage customs of China. As readers of my website will know, I have written about nineteenth-century Mormon polygamy. Polygamy was widespread in China, and P’u Sung-ling’s Strange Stories often give penetrating insight into what this marriage system was like. In story LXI., “The Husband Punished,” a man named Ching has a liaison with a mysterious beautiful young woman, A-hsia. At one point, she demands marriage, and Ching is agreeable to the idea, but thinks that his first wife will be a problem:

Then Ching began to reflect that if he married her [A-hsia] she would have to take her place in the family, and that would make his first wife jealous; so he determined to get rid of the latter, and when she came in he began to abuse her right and left. His wife bore it as long as she could, but at length cried out it were better she should die; upon which Ching advised her not to bring trouble on them all like that, but to go back to her own home. He then drove her away, his wife asking all the time what she had done to be sent away like this after ten years of blameless life with him. Ching, however, paid no heed to her entreaties, and when he had got rid of her he set to work at once to get the house whitewashed and made generally clean, himself being on the tip-toe of expectation for the arrival of Miss A-hsia.

Ching expects problems, serious tensions between the wives, in polygamy, so gets rid of the first wife.

Concubines were an established part of the Chinese marriage system. In a note to story LVI, “Dr. Tsêng’s Dream,” Giles writes, “It is not considered quite correct to take a concubine unless the wife is childless, in which case it is held that the proposition to do so, and thus secure the much-desired posterity, should emanate from the wife herself.” However, the concubine lacked the status and legal safeguards of a full wife. In “Dr. Tsêng’s Dream,” the male protagonist has been reborn as a female (and the narrator continues to call him “he” even though he had become a “she”!):

At fourteen years of age he was sold to a gentleman as concubine; and then, though food and clothes were not wanting, he had to put up with the scoldings and floggings of the wife, who one day burnt him with a hot iron.

Later, the wife falsely accuses him/her of murder, and he/she is tortured to death.

Story XLI., “Ta-Nan In Search Of His Father,” begins with these sentences:

HSI CH‘ANG-LIEH was a Ch‘êng-tu man. He had a wife and a concubine, the latter named Ho Chao-jung. His wife dying, he took a second by name Shên, who bullied the concubine dreadfully, and by her constant wrangling made his life perfectly unbearable, so that one day in a fit of anger he ran away and left them. Shortly afterwards Ho gave birth to a son, and called him Ta-nan; but as Hsi did not return, the wife Shên turned them out of the house, making them a daily allowance of food.

Clearly, in medieval China, the concubine was often treated badly by the full wife or wives.

There is a happy polygamous family in story LXVI, “The Tipsy Turtle.” Fêng, the hero, is thrown in jail by a Prince Su and is released because one of Su’s daughters has fallen in love with him. In a western fairy tale, he might now marry the Princess, end of story; but in this Chinese fairy tale, there is a complication: he is already married, and he refuses to become a polygamist out of consideration for the first wife:

Fêng was accordingly liberated, and was also informed of the determination of the Princess, which, however, he declined to fall in with, saying that he was not going thus to sacrifice the wife of his days of poverty, and would rather die than carry out such an order. He added that if His Highness would consent, he would purchase his liberty at the price of everything he had.

So Fêng must be arrested once again, and one of the palace concubines prepares to murder the first wife:

The Prince was exceedingly angry at this, and seized Fêng again; and meanwhile one of the concubines got Fêng’s wife into the palace, intending to poison her. Fêng’s wife, however, brought her a beautiful present of a coral stand for a looking-glass, and was so agreeable in her conversation, that the concubine took a great fancy to her, and presented her to the Princess, who was equally pleased, and forthwith determined that they would both be Fêng’s wives.

Giles notes that this kind of happy resolution often occurs in Chinese fiction, but rarely in real life.

For another perspective on Chinese polygamy, see Zhang Yimou’s 1991 film Raise the Red Lantern, which is based on the novel Wives and Concubines (1990) by Su Tong. This provides a profoundly bleak view of relations between wives in plural marriage.

But the Strange Stories are above all a wild phantasmagoria of ghosts, were-foxes, were-tigers (even one were-turtle), demons, sorcerors (often, in P’u, Taoist priests), psychic transmigrations, and journeys into the underworld and other levels of reality (as in the famous “Painted Wall”). These kinds of stories were very popular in China, and had been so for centuries, perhaps millennia.[3] The literary tradition goes back to the early A.D. centuries, but the popular tradition probably goes back much earlier.

P’u Sung-ling’s tales are the culmination of this tradition of supernatural and strange tales. P’u’s “strange stories from a leisure studio” are told beautifully, with great concision and elegance. The heroes and heroines spring to life in just a few paragraphs. The Western reader will be continually surprised both by fantastic turns of plot and by unexpected elements of Chinese culture that often serve as the basis for the development of the fantastic situation.

The heroes of the Western tradition of fantasy are often kings or warriors (or adventurous peasants or hobbits). But many of the heroes of P’u Sung-ling’s tales are scholars down on their luck, who have not risen to prestige through the examination system, often because the system is corrupt. (For example, see story XCII. “Smelling Essays.”) It is refreshing to see scholars who can cap a verse in a drinking bout or write a brilliant essay at the drop of a hat as dashing protagonists. As something of a scholar down on my luck myself (entirely due to the failings of our present academic system, of course), I am very fond of these scholars who are driven to tutoring or fortune-telling to survive financially.

The reader of Western ghost stories will find many ghosts and (were)foxes and malevolent supernatural beings in these tales; but he or she will undoubtedly be surprised at how often P’u combined the ghost story with romance (an ancient Chinese theme). Our scholar heroes often marry the beautiful revenants who visit them as they are trying to study (Chinese ghosts are usually quite corporeal, not see-through wraiths at all). And these ghost-brides often make good wives, who work hard and are dutiful daughters-in-law to their husbands’ mothers. They also bear fine children.

Hopefully, this scan of the Strange Tales will help introduce readers to the endlessly entertaining and enlightening world of P’u Sung-ling.[4]

INTRODUCTION by Herbert Giles [p. xi]

THE barest skeleton of a biography is all that can be formed front the very scanty materials which remain to mark the career of a writer whose work has been for the best part of two centuries as familiar throughout the length and breadth of China as are the tales of the “Arabian Nights” in all English-speaking communities. The author of “Strange Stories” was a native of Tzŭ-ch’uan, in the province of Shantung. His family name was P’u; his particular name was Sung-ling, and the designation or literary epithet by which, in accordance with Chinese usage, he was commonly known among his friends, was Liu-hsien, or “Last of the Immortals.” A further fancy name, given to him probably by some enthusiastic admirer, was Liu-ch’üan, or “Willow Spring”, but he is now familiarly spoken of simply as P’u Sung-ling. We are unacquainted with the years of his birth or death; however, by the aid of a meagre entry in the History of Tzŭ-ch’uan it is possiblee to make a pretty good guess at the date of the former event. For we are there told that Pu Sung-ling successfully competed for the lowest or bachelor’s degree before he had reached the age of twenty; and that in 1651 he was in the position of a graduate of ten years’ standing, having failed in the interim to take the second, or master’s, degree. To this [p. xii] failure, due, as we are informed in the history above quoted, to his neglect of the beaten track of academic study, we owe the existence of his great work; not, indeed, his only production, though the one; by which, as Confucius said of his own “Spring and Autumn,”1 men will know him. All else that we have on record of P’u Sung-ling, besides the fact that he lived in close companionship with several eminent scholars of the day, is gathered from his own words, written when, in 1679, he laid down his pen upon the completion of a task which was to raise him within a short period to a foremost rank in the Chinese world of letters. Of that record I here append a close translation, accompanied by such notes as are absolutely necessary to make it intelligible to non-students of Chinese.

AUTHOR’S OWN RECORD

“Clad in wistaria, girdled with ivy”;2 thus sang Ch’ü-P’ing[3] in his Falling into Trouble.4 Of ox-headed devils and serpent Gods,5 he of the long-nails[6] never wearied to tell. Each interprets in his own way the music of heaven[7] and whether it be discord or not, depends upon, antecedent

1 Annals of the Lu State.

2 Said of the bogies of the hills, in allusion to their clothes. Here quoted with reference to the official classes, in ridicule of the title under which they hold posts which, from a literary point of view, they are totally unfit to occupy.

3 A celebrated statesman (B.C. 332-295) who, having lost his master’s favour by the intrigues of a rival; finally drowned himself in despair. The annual Dragon Festival is said by some to be a “Search” for his body. The term San Lü used here was the name of an office held by Ch’ü-P’ing.

4 A-poem addressed by Ch’ü-P’ing to his Prince, after his disgrace. Its non-success was the immediate cause of his death.

5 That is, of the supernatural generally.

6 A poet of the Tang dynasty whose eyebrows met, whose nails were very long, and who could write very fast.

7 “You know the music of earth,” said Chuang Tzŭ; “but you have not heard the music of heaven.” [p. xiii]

causes.8 As for me, I cannot, with my poor autumn fire-fly’s light, match myself against the hobgoblins of the age.9 I am but the dust in the sunbeam, a fit laughing-stock for devils.10 For my talents are not those of Kan Pao,11 elegant explorer of the records of the Gods; I am rather animated by the spirit of Su Tung-p’o,12 who loved to hear men speak of the supernatural. I get people to commit what they tell me to writing and subsequently I dress it up in the form of a story and thus in the lapse of time my friends from all quarters have supplied me with quantities of material, which, from my habit of collecting, has grown into a vast pile.l3

Human beings, I would point out, are not beyond the pale of fixed laws, and yet there are more remarkable phenomena in their midst than in the country of those who crop their hair;14 antiquity is unrolled before us, and many tales are to be found therein stranger than that of the nation of Flying Heads.15 “Irrepressible bursts, and

8 That is, to the operation of some Influence surviving from a previous existence.

9 This is another hit at the ruling classes. Hsi K’ang, a celebrated musician and a1chemist (A.D. 223-262), was sitting one night alone, playing upon his lute, when suddenly a man with a tiny face walked in, and began to stare hard at him, the stranger’s face enlarging all the time. “I’m not going to match myself against a devil!” cried the musician, after a few moments, and instantly blew out the light.

10 When Liu Chüan, governor of Wu-ling, determined to relieve his poverty by trade, he saw a devil standing by his side, laughing and rubbing its hands for glee. “Poverty and wealth are matters of destiny,” said Liu Chüan,.” but to be laughed at by a devil—,” and accordingingly he desisted from his intention.

11 A writer who flourished in the early part of the fourth century, and composed a work in thirty books entitled Supernatural Researches.

12 The famous poet, statesman, and essayist, who, flourished A.D. 1036-1101.

13 “And his friends had the habit off jotting down for his unfailing delight anything quaint or comic that they came across.”—The World on Charles Dickens, July 24, 1878.

14 It is related in the Historical Record that when T’ai Po and Yü Chung fled to the southern savages they saw men with tattooed bodies and short hair.

15 A fabulous community, so called because the heads of the men are in the habit of leaving their bodies, and flying down to marshy places to feed on worms and crabs. A red ring is seen the night hefore the flight encircling the neck of the man whose head is about to fly; at daylight the head returns. Some say that the ears are used as wings, others that the hands also leave the body and fly away. [p. xiv]

luxurious ease,”16— such was always his enthusiastic strain, “For ever indulging in liberal thought,”17—thus he spoke openly without restraint. Were men like these to open my book, I should be a laughing-stock to them indeed. At the crossroad[18] men will not listen to me, and yet I have some knowledge of the three states of existence[19] spoken of beneath the cliff,20 neither should the words I utter be set aside because of him that utters them.21 When the bow[22] was hung at my father’s door, he dreamed that a sickly-looking Buddhist priest, but half covered by his stole, entered the chamber. On one of his breasts was a round piece of plaster like a cash23 and my father, waking from sleep, found that I, just born, had a similar black patch on my body. As a child, I was thin and constantly ailing, and unable to hold my own in the battle of life. Our own home was chill and desolate as a monastery and working there for my livelihood with my pen,24 I was as poor as a priest with his alms-bowl.25 Often and often I put my hand to my head26 and exclaimed,

16 A quotation from the admired works of Wang Po, a brilliant scholar and poet, who was drowned at the early age of twenty-eight, A.D. 676.

17 I have hitherto failed in all attempts to identify the particular writer here intended. The phrase is used by the poet Li T’ai-po and others.

18 The cross-road of the “Five Fathers”“ is here mentioned, which the commentator tells us is merely the name of the place.

19 The past, present, and future life of the Buddhist system of metempsychosis.

20 A certain man, who was staying at a temple, dreamt that an old priest appeared to him beneath a jade-stone cliff, and, pointing to a stick of burning incense, said to him, “That incense represents a vow to be fulfilled; but I say unto you, that ere its smoke shall have curled away, your three states of existence will have been already accomplished.” The meaning is that time on earth is as nothing to the Gods.

21 This remark occurs in the fifteenth chapter of the Analects or Confucian Gospels.

22 The birth. of a boy was formerly signalled by hanging a bow at the door; that of a girl, by displaying a small towel-indicative of the parts that each would hereafter play in the drama of life.

23 See Note 2 to No. II.

24 Literally, “ploughing with my pen.”

25 The patra or bowl, used by Buddhist mendicants, in imitation of the celebrated alms-dish of Shâkyamuni Buddha.

26 Literally, “scratched my head,”‘ as is often done by the Chinese in perplexity or doubt. [p. xv]

“Surely he who sat with his face to the wall[27] was myself in previous state of existence”; and thus I referred my non-success in this life to the influence of a destiny surviving from the last. I have been tossed hither and thither in the direction of the ruling wind, like a flower falling in filthy places, but the six paths[28] of transmigration are inscrutable indeed, and I have no right to complain. As it is, midnight finds me with an expiring lamp, while the wind whistles mournfully without “and over my cheerless table I piece together my tales,29 vainly hoping to produce a sequel to the Infernal Regions.30 With a bumper I stimulate my pen, yet I only succeed thereby in “venting my excited feelings,”31 and as I thus commit my thoughts to writing, truly I am an object worthy of commiseration. Alas! I am but the bird, that dreading the winter frost, finds no shelter in the tree; the autumn insect that chirps to the moon, and hugs the door for warmth. For where are they who know me?32 They are “in the bosky grove, and at the frontier pass”33—wrapped in an impenetrable gloom!

27 Alluding to Bôdhidharma, who came from India to China, and tried to convert the Emperor Wu Ti of the Liang dynasty; but, failing in his attempt, because be insisted that real merit lay not in works but in purity and wisdom combined, he retired full of mortification to a temple at Sung-shan, where he sat for nine years before a rock, until his own Image was imprinted thereon.

28 The six gâti or conditions of existence, namely:—angels, men, demons, hungry devils, brute beasts, and tortured sinners.

29 Literally, “pulling together the pieces under the forelegs (of foxes) to make robes.” This part of the fox-skin is the most valuable for making fur clothes.

30 The work of a well-known writer, named Lin I-ch’ing, who flourished during the Sung Dynasty.

31 Alluding to an essay by Han Fei, a philosopher of the third century in which he laments the iniquity of the age in general, and the corruption of officials in particular. He finally committed suicide, in prison, where he had been cast by the intrigues of a rival minister.

32 Confucius (Anal. xiv.) said, “Alas! there is no one who knows me (to be what I am).”

33 The great poet Tu Fu (A. D. 712-770) dreamt that his greater predecessor, Li T”ai-po (A.D. 705-762) appeared to him, “coming when the maple-grove was in darkness, and returning while the frontier-pass was still obscured”—that is, at night, when no one could see him; the meaning being that he never came at all; and that those “who know me (P’u Sung-ling)” are equally non-existent. [p. xv]

From the above curious document the reader will gain some insight into the abstruse, but at the same time marvellously beautiful, style of this gifted writer. The whole essay —for such it is, and among the most perfect of its kind—is intended chiefly as a satire upon the scholarship of the age; scholarship which had turned the author back to the disappointment of a private life, himself conscious all the time of the inward fire that had been lent him by heaven. It is the key-note of his own subsequent career, spent in the retirement of home, in the society of books and friends; as also to the numerous uncomplimentary allusions which occur in all his stories relating to official life. Whether or not the world at large has been a gainer by this instance of the fallibility of competitive examinations has been already decided in the affirmative by the millions of P’u Sung-ling’s own countrymen, who for the past two hundred years have more than made up to him by a posthumous and enduring reverence for the loss of those earthly and ephemeral honours which he seems to have coveted so much.

Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio, known to the Chinese as the Liao Chai Chih I, or more familiarly, the Liao Chai, has hardly been mentioned by a single foreigner without some inaccuracy on the part of the writer concerned. For instance, the late Mr. Mayers states in his Chinese Reader’s Manual, p. 176, that this work was composed “circa A.D. 1710,” the fact being that the collection was actually completed in 1679, as we know by the date attached to the “ Author’s Own Record” given above. I should mention, however, that the Liao Chai was originally, and for many years, circulated in manuscript only. P’u Sung-ling, as we are told in a colophon by his grandson to the first edition, was too poor to meet [p. xvii] the heavy expense of block-cutting and it was not until so late as 1740, when the author must have been already for some time a denizen of the dark land he so much loved to describe, that his aforesaid grandson printed and published the collection now universally famous. Since then many editions have been laid before the Chinese public, the best of which is that by Tan Ming-lun, a Salt Commissioner, who flourished during the reign of Tao Kuang, and who in 1842 produced, at his own expense, an excellent edition in sixteen small octavo volumes of about 160 pages each. And as various editions will occasionally be found to contain various readings, I would here warn students of Chinese who wish to compare my rendering; with the text, that it is from the edition of Tan Ming-lun, collated with that of Yü Chi, published in 1766, that this translation has been made. Many have been the commentaries and disquisitions upon the meaning of obscure passages and the general scope of this work; to say nothing of the prefaces with which the several editions have been ushered into the world. Of the latter, I have selected one specimen, from which the reader will be able to form a tolerably accurate opinion as to the true nature of these always singular and usually difficult compositions.

Here it is :

T’ANG MÊNG-LAI’S PREFACE

The common saying, “He regards a camel as a horse with a swelled back,” trivial of itself, may be used in illustration of greater matters. Men are wont to attribute an existence only to such things as they daily see with their own eyes, and they marvel at whatsoever, appearing before them at one instant, vanishes at the next. And, yet [p. xviii] it is not at the sprouting and failing of foliage, nor at the metamorphosis of insects that they marvel, but only at the manifestations of the supernatural world; though of a truth, the whistling of the wind and the movement of streams, with nothing to set the one in motion or give sound to the other, might well be ranked among extraordinary phenomena. We are accustomed to these, and therefore do not note them. We marvel at devils and foxes: we do not marvel at man. But who is it that causes a man to move and to speak?—to which question comes the ready answer of each individual so questioned, “I do.” This “I do,” however, is merely a personal consciousness of the facts under discussion. For a man can see with his eyes, but he cannot see what it is that makes him see; he can hear with his ears, but he cannot hear what it is that makes him hear; how, then, is it possible for him to understand the rationale of things he can neither see nor hear? Whatever has come within the bounds of their own ocular or auricular experience men regard as proved to be actually existing; and only such things.34 But this term “ experience” may be understood in various senses. For instance, people speak of something which has certain attributes as form, and of something else which has certain other attributes as substance; ignorant as they are that form and substance are to be found existing without those particular attributes. Things which are thus constituted are inappreciable, indeed, by our ears and eyes, but we cannot argue that therefore they do not exist. Some persons can see a mosquito’s eye, while to others even a mountain is invisible; some can hear the sound of ants battling together, while others, again, fail to catch the roar of a thunder-peal. Powers of seeing and hearing vary; there should be no

34 “Thus, since countless things exist that the senses can take account of, it is evident that nothing exists that the senses can not take account of.”—The “Professor” in W. H. Mallock’s New Paul and Virginia.

This passage recalls another curious classification by the great Chinese philosopher Han Wên-kung. “There are some things which possess form but are devoid of sound, as, for instance, jade and stones; others have sound, but are without form, such as wind and thunder; others, again, have both form and sound, such as men and animals; and lastly, there is a class devoid of both, namely, devils and spirits.” [p. xix]

reckless imputations of blindness. According to the schoolmen, man at his death is dispersed like wind or fire, the origin and end of his vitality being alike unknown, and as those who have seen strange phenomena are few, the number of those who marvel at them is proportionately great, and the “horse with a swelled back” parallel is very widely applicable. And ever quoting the fact that Confucius would have nothing to say on these topics, these schoolmen half discredit such works as the Ch’i chieh chih kuai and the Yü ch’u-chii,35 ignorant that the Sage’s unwillingness to speak had reference only to persons of an inferior mental calibre; for his own Spring and Autumn can hardly be said to be devoid of all allusions of the kind. Now P’u Liu-hsien devoted himself in his youth to the marvellous, and as he grew older was specially remarkable for his comprehension thereof, and being moreover a most elegant writer, he occupied his leisure in recording whatever came to his knowledge of a particularly marvellous nature. A volume of these compositions of his formerly fell into my hands, and was constantly borrowed by friends; now, I have another volume, and of what I read only about three-tenths was known to me before. What there is, should be sufficient to open the eyes of those schoolmen, though I much fear it will be like talking of ice to a butterly. Personally, I disbelieve in the irregularity of natural phenomena, and regard as evil spirits only those who injure their neighbours. For eclipses, falling stars, the flight of herons, the nest of a mainah, talking stones, and the combats of dragons, can hardly be classed as irregular; while the phenomena of nature occurring out of season, wars, rebellions, and so forth, may certainly be relegated to the category of evil. In my opinion the morality of P’u Liu-hsien’s work is of a very high standard, its object being distinctly to glorify virtue and to censure vice, and as a book calculated to elevate mankind, it may be safely placed side by side with the philosophical treatises of Yang Hsiung[36] which Huan Tan[37] declared to be so worthy or a wide circulation.

35 I have never seen any of these works, but I believe they treat, as implied by their titles, chiefly of the supernatural world.

36. B.C. 53-A.D. 18.

37. B.C. 13-A.D. 56. [p. xx]

With regard to the meaning of the Chinese words Liao Chai Chih I, this title has received indifferent treatment at the hands of different writers. Dr. Williams chose to render it by “Pastimes of the Study,” and Mr. Mayers by “The Record of Marvels, or Tales of the Genii” neither of which is sufficiently near to be regarded in the light of a translation. Taken literally and in order, these words stand for “Liao-library-record-strange,” “Liao” being simply a fanciful name given by our author to his private library or studio. An apocryphal anecdote traces the origin of this selection to a remark once made by himself with reference to his failure for the second degree. “Alas!” he is reported to have said; “I shall now have no resource (Liao) for my old age” and accordingly he so named his study, meaning that in his pen he would seek that resource which fate bad denied to him as an official. For this untranslatable “Liao” I have ventured to substitute “ Chinese,” as indicating more clearly the nature of what is to follow. No such title as “Tales of the Genii” fully expresses the scope of this work, which embraces alike weird stories of Taoist devilry and magic, marvellous accounts of impossible countries beyond the sea, simple scenes of Chinese everyday life, and notices of extraordinary natural phenomena. Indeed, the author once had it in contemplation to publish only the more imaginative of the tales in the present collection under the title of “Devil and Fox Stories” but from this scheme he was ultimately dissuaded by his friends, the result being the heterogeneous mass which is more aptly described by the title I have given to this volume. In a similar manner, I too had originally determined to publish a full and complete translation [p. xx] of the whole of these sixteen volumes; but on a closer acquaintance many of the stories turned out to be quite unsuitable for the age in which we live, forcibly recalling the coarseness of our own writers of fiction in the eighteenth century. Others, again, were utterly pointless, or mere repetitions in a slightly altered form. From the whole, I therefore selected one hundred and sixty-four of the best and most characteristic stories, of which eight had previously been published by Mr. Allen in the China Review, one by Mr. Mayers in Notes and Queries on China and Japan, two by myself in the columns of the Celestial Empire, and four by Dr. Williams in a now forgotten handbook of Chinese. The remaining one hundred and forty-nine have never before, to my knowledge, been translated into English. To those, however, who can enjoy the Liao Chai in the original text, the distinctions between the various stories in felicity of plot, originality, and so on, are far less sharply defined, so impressed as each competent reader must be by the incomparable style in which even the meanest is arrayed. For in this respect, as important now in Chinese eyes as it was with ourselves in days not long gone by, the author of the Liao Chai and the rejected candidate succeeded in founding a school of his own, in which he has since been followed by hosts of servile imitators with more or less success. Terseness is pushed to extreme limits; each particle that can be safely dispensed with is scrupulously eliminated; and every here and there some new and original combination invests perhaps a single word with a force it could never have possessed except under the hands of a perfect master of his art. Add to the above, copious allusions and adaptations from a course of reading which would seem to have been co-extensive with the whole range of [p. xxii] Chinese literature, a wealth of metaphor and an artistic use of figures generally to which only the writings of Carlyle form an adequate parallel; and the result is a work which for purity and beauty of style is now universally accepted in China as the best and most perfect model. Sometimes the story runs along plainly and smoothly enough; but the next moment we may be plunged into pages of abstruse text, the meaning of which is so involved in quotations from and allusions to the poetry or history of the past three thousand years as to be recoverable only after diligent perusal of the commentary and much searching in other works of reference. In illustration of the popularity of this book, Mr. Mayers once stated that “the porter at his gate, the boatman at his midday rest, the chair-coolie at his stand, no less than the man of letters among his books, may be seen poring with delight over the elegantly-narrated marvels of the Liao Chai” but he would doubtless have withdrawn this statement in later years, with the work lying open before him. During many years in China, I made a point of never, when feasible, passing by a reading Chinese without asking permission to glance at the volume in his hand and at my various stations in China I always kept up a borrowing acquaintance with the libraries of my private or official servants; but I can safely affirm that I never once detected the Liao Chai in the hands of an ill-educated man. In the same connection, Mr. Mayers observed that “fairy-tales told in the style of the Anatomy of Melancholy would scarcely be a popular book in Great Britain” but except in some particular points of contact, the styles of these two works could scarcely claim even the most distant of relationships. [p. xxiii]

Such, then, is the setting of this collection of Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio, many of which contain, in addition to the advantages of style and plot, a very excellent moral. The intention of most of them is, in the actual words of T’ang Mêng-lai, “to glorify virtue and to censure vice,”—always, it must be borne in mind, according to the Chinese and not to a European interpretation of these terms. As an addition to our knowledge of the folk-lore of China, and as a guide to the manners, customs, and social life of that vast Empire, my translation of the Liao Chai may not be wholly devoid of interest. It has now been carefully revised, all inaccuracies of the first edition having been, so far as possible, corrected.

HERBERT A. GILES.

CAMBRIDGE, July 1908.

Stories 1-25

[1] Incidentally, this early edition is available at http://www.archive.org/details/strangestoriesfr00pusuuoft.

[2] See also Pu Sung-ling, Strange Tales from the Liaozhai Studio, 3 vols. (Beijing: People’s China Publishing House, 1997), which includes 194 tales.

[3] See Anthony C. Yu, “‘Rest, Rest, Perturbed Spirit!’ Ghosts in Traditional Chinese Prose Fiction,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 47, No. 2 (Dec. 1987): 397-434; Michael Loewe, Chinese Ideas of Life and Death: Faith, Myth and Reason in the Han Period (202 B.C.-A.D. 220) (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1982); Karl S.Y. Kao, ed. Classical Chinese Tales of the Supernatural and the Fantastic: Selections form the Third to the Tenth Century (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985); Y.W. Ma and Joseph S. M. Lau, Traditional Chinese Stores: Themes and Variations (Boston: Cheng & Tsui Co., 1986); Alvin P. Cohen, Tales of Vengeful Souls: A Sixth Century Collection of Chinese Avenging Ghost Stories (Taipei-Paris-Hongkong: Institut Ricci, 1982); and Kenneth J. DeWoskin and J.I. Crump, Jr., In Search of the Supernatural: The Written Record (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), a translation of a book written by Kan Pao in approximately 335-345 A.D.

[4] For further on P’u Sung-ling, see Chun-shu Chang and Shelley Hsueh-lun Chang, Redefining History: Ghosts, Spirits, and Human Society in P’u Sung-ling’s World, 1640-1715 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998); Judith T. Zeitlin, Historian of the Strange: Pu Songling and the Chinese Classical Tale (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1997); H. C. Chang, tr., Tales of the Supernatural, 3rd volume in the series Chinese Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), which has a valuable introduction.